Example: Standards on power plants

Example on standard setting for metadata: power plant information

Context

The purpose of this document is to illustrate, which options are available to reference resources for a given entry in a data table. As an example, resources for the concept of an onshore wind farm, a hydropower station, as well as a lithium battery are considered. The resources themselves are taken from general-purpose, community-edited knowledge graphs such as Wikidata or dbpedia, or specialized ontologies such as the open energy ontology.

Services to provide resources

List of ontologies used to reference power plant types:

* Wikidata - knowledge base, can be read and edited by both humans and machines, collects structured data in a free and collaborative way
* DBpedia - knowledge graphs that extracts structured content from the information created in the Wikipedia
* Open Energy Ontology - domain ontology within the field of energy system modelling
* EuroVoc - multilingual thesaurus maintained by the Publications Office of the European Union 
* GEMET - GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus updated by EEA and Eionet
* [FAO] 
* KBpedia - open-source knowledge graph 

Example 1: Onshore Wind farm

This example compares resources for onshore wind farm definition:

* wikidata:Q50687555 
  literal name: onshore wind farm
  definition: group of wind turbines on land

* dbr:Onshore_wind_farm
  literal name: actual redirects to dbr:Wind_farm 
  definition: A wind farm or wind park, also called a wind power station or wind power plant, is a group of wind turbines in the same location used to produce electricity. ...

* oeo:OEO_00000311 
  literal name: onshore wind farm
  definition: An onshore wind farm is a wind farm that is build on land, ( where a windfarm (OEO_00000447) is a power plant that has wind energy converting units as parts.

* gemet:9336
 literal name: wind power station
 definition: Power station which uses wind to drive a turbine which creates electricity.

* iec:415-01-03
  literal name: wind power station
  definition: power station comprising a group or groups of wind turbine generator systems

The problems we encounter here are: GEMET does not offer a resource to directly describe an onshore wind farm. Rather, what is available is a resource related to a wind farm in general. Similarly, KBpedia has only a resource relating to a wind farm. Same applies to IEC.DBpedia offers a resource link for an onshore wind farm, but does not provide a separate definition. On the other hand, wikidata and the open energy ontology offer specific definition, which seem to be very similar, if one identifies wind turbines with wind energy converting units.

Example 2: Hydropower plant

This example compares different definitions of hydropower plants provided by various ontologies/controlled vocabularies:

* wikidata:Q1591738: 
  literal name: hydroelectric power station
  definition: facility generating electric power using hydroelectricity

* oeo:OEO_00010086:
  literal name: hydro power plant
  definition: A hydro power plant is a power plant having an aggregate of hydro power generating units as its power generating unit parts.

* gemet:4098:
  literal name: hydroelectric power plant
  definition: Power station which operates with the free renewable source of energy provided by falling water.

* kbpedia:HydroelectricPowerStation
  literal name: Hydroelectric power station
  definition: This commodity category is for hydro power plant. This product category corresponds to the UNSPSC code: 26131503.

* iec:602-01-04 
  literal name: hydroelectric power station
  definition: a power station in which the gravitational energy of water is converted into electricity

* thinkhome:HydroElectricPlant 
  literal name:  
  definition: Hydropower plants capture the energy of falling water to generate electricity.
  

Note, that dbpedia and EuroVoc do not provide a resource specifically describing a hydropower plant. They rather offer definitions on the general concept of hydropower technology. kbpedia offers no explicit definition, but rather refers to the United Nations Standard Products and Services Code and its entry No. 26131503. Searching for this resource on the landing page returns only a literal description as 'Hydro power plants' without further explanation.

Example 3: Solar PV plant

* wikidata:Q1003207
  literal name: photovoltaic power station
  definition: type of solar power station, large-scale photovoltaic system

* dbr:Photovoltaic_power_station
  literal name: photovoltaic power station 
  definition: A photovoltaic power station, also known as a solar park, solar farm, or solar power plant, is a large-scale grid-connected photovoltaic power system (PV system) designed for the supply of merchant power.

* oeo:OEO_00000324
  literal name: photovoltaic power plant
  definition: A photovoltaic power plant is a solar power plant that has PV panels as parts.

* kbpedia:PhotovoltaicPowerStation
  literal name: photovoltaic power station
  definition: Large-scale photovoltaic system.

* gemet:7910
  literal name: solar power station
  definition: Plant where energy is generated using radiation from the sun.

* iec:602-01-29
  literal name: solar power station
  definition: 	a power station producing electrical energy from solar radiation directly by photovoltaic effect, or indirectly by thermal transformation

Example 4: Heat pump

* wikidata:Q131313
  literal name: heat pump
  definition: device that transfers thermal energy in the opposite direction of spontaneous heat transfer

* dbr:
  literal name: Heat pump 
  definition: A heat pump is a device that transfers thermal energy between spaces, usually between an enclosed space and the outdoors.

* oeo:OEO_00000212
  literal name: heat pump
  definition: A heat pump is a heater that transforms low temperature heat to high temperature heat using external energy.

* kbpedia:HeatPump
  literal name: heat pump
  definition: The collection of all heat pumps. A type of AirCoolingDevice, MechanicalDevice, ElectricalDevice, ExternallyPoweredDevice, and AirHeatingDevice.

* eurovoc:2549
  literal name: heat pump
  definition: none (thesaurus)

* gemet:3904
  literal name: heat pump
  definition: A device which transfers heat from a cooler reservoir to a hotter one, expending mechanical energy in the process, especially when the main purpose is to heat the hot reservoir rather than refrigerate the cold one.

* un:1002851
  literal name: HEAT PUMPS
  definition: none (thesaurus)

* agrovoc:24398
  literal name: heat pumps
  definition: none (thesaurus)

* dco:HeatPumpAppliance
  literal name: Heat pump appliance
  definition: A heat pump appliance is used to warm and, direction in which heat transfer would take place without 

* hpont:HeatPumpSystem
  literal name: Heat Pump System
  definition: A system composed of one or many devices that transfer heat from a colder area to a hotter area by using mechanical energy   

No entry for heat pump in Electropedia: The World's Online Electrotechnical Vocabulary provided by the International Electrotechnical Commission. The dco definition is apparently not properly reviewed.

Example 6: Lithium-ion battery

This example compares resources for lithium-ion batteries provided by the different providers:

* wikidata:Q2822895:
  literal name: lithium-ion battery
  definition: rechargeable battery type

* dbr:Lithium-ion_battery:
  literal name: Lithium-ion battery
  definition: A lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery composed of cells in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode through an electrolyte to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging.

* oeo:OEO_00000248
  literal name: lithium-ion battery
  definition: A lithium-ion battery is a battery that is rechargeable and in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge, and back when charging. Li-ion batteries use an intercalated lithium compound as one electrode material.

* kbpedia:LithiumIonBattery
  literal name: lithium-ion battery
  definition: A lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging.

* gemet:745
  literal name: battery
  definition: A series of cells, each containing the essentials for producing voltaic electricity, connected together.

* iec:482-05-07
  literal name: lithium ion battery
  definition: secondary battery with an organic solvent electrolyte and positive and negative electrodes which utilize an intercalation compound in which lithium is stored

Note that GEMET does not offer the concept of a lithium-ion battery, available sub-classes are alkaline battery, button-cell battery, cell (energy), and electric battery.

References

Booshehri, M. et al. Introducing the Open Energy Ontology: Enhancing data interpretation and interfacing in energy systems analysis. Energy and AI 5, 100074 (2021).

Simon Clark, Francesca L. Bleken, Simon Stier, Eibar Flores, Casper Welzel Andersen, Marek Marcinek, Anna Szczesna-Chrzan, Miran Gaberscek, M. Rosa Palacin, Martin Uhrin, and Jesper Friis, Toward a Unified Description of Battery Data, 12, 2102762 () https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aenm.202102702